Macrophages, integral components of the immune system, play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and combating infections. In recent years, researchers have uncovered the diverse applications of macrophages in disease treatment research.

Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, involves the accumulation of plaques within arterial walls. Macrophages contribute significantly to the progression and resolution of atherosclerotic lesions. When low-density lipoproteins (LDL) infiltrate arterial walls and undergo oxidation, macrophages are recruited to clear the debris. However, persistent exposure to oxidized LDL can lead to macrophage dysfunction and the formation of foam cells, a hallmark of atherosclerosis.

Researchers are exploring ways to harness the therapeutic potential of macrophages in treating atherosclerosis. Modulating macrophage activity through immunomodulatory agents or gene therapy holds promise in mitigating plaque formation and promoting plaque stability. Additionally, advancements in nanomedicine allow for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions, presenting a novel avenue for precise intervention.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a dual role in cancer—they can either promote tumor progression or contribute to anti-tumor immune responses. Understanding the intricate interplay between TAMs and the tumor microenvironment is essential for developing effective cancer therapies.

Tumor-associated macrophage isolation is a critical step in unraveling their complex functions. Researchers employ various techniques, such as flow cytometry and magnetic cell sorting, to isolate TAMs from tumor tissues. By studying the molecular and functional characteristics of TAMs, scientists aim to identify specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Inhibition of pro-tumoral TAM functions and activation of anti-tumoral responses are potential strategies for developing innovative cancer treatments.

The polarization of macrophages into distinct phenotypes —M1 and M2—dictates their functions in immune responses and disease progression. Therefore， macrophage polarization assays play a valuable role in disease treatment research. It allows researchers to assess the balance between pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, providing insights into the immune response in various diseases. This assay aids in understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

In addition, manipulating macrophage polarization presents therapeutic opportunities. For instance, promoting a shift from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages might be beneficial in mitigating inflammatory diseases. Conversely, enhancing M1 polarization can bolster the immune response against infections and certain cancers.