What are the common harmful substances in pharmaceutical intermediate suppliers?

The harmful substances involved in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates mainly include the following categories:
Chemical solvents
Organic solvents: DMF, benzene derivatives, organic amines, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, methanol, ethanol, etc. These solvents may form irritating gases during the volatilization process, and long-term exposure or leakage can cause harm to the environment and human health.  ‌
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide): widely used as a penetrant protectant, but has hepatorenal toxicity and should be avoided from skin contact and inhalation of volatile gases.  ‌
Genotoxic impurity precursor
Nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), are highly carcinogenic and may be introduced through raw materials or processes during drug synthesis.  ‌
Aromatic amine compounds: such as 2,6-dichloroaniline, a raw material for diclofenac sodium, and 4- (3-fluorophenoxy) -3-chloroaniline, an intermediate for lapatinib, whose metabolites can bind to DNA and cause carcinogenesis or mutagenesis.  ‌
Other potential risk substances
Ethidium bromide (EB): Used for DNA staining, it has strong carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, and should be strictly protected to avoid direct contact.  ‌
Suppliers need to strictly control the quality of raw materials, use low toxicity or non-toxic alternatives, and establish safe operating procedures to reduce risks.